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References
Water Conservation
Introduction
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.19. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
1.1
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.118. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
1.2
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.133. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
1.3
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.49. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
1.4
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.47. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
1.5
The 2023/24 data were provided by the research team working on a project entitled. “Harnessing the Power of IoT Technologies, Data Analytics and Advanced Household Profiling Techniques to Sustain Water-conscious Behaviours and to Inform Water-sector Infrastructure Planning”. The research project (S2021.A8.034.21S) is funded by the HKSAR Government’s Strategic Public Policy Research Funding Scheme.
1.6
The 2023/24 data were provided by the research team working on a project entitled. “Harnessing the Power of IoT Technologies, Data Analytics and Advanced Household Profiling Techniques to Sustain Water-conscious Behaviours and to Inform Water-sector Infrastructure Planning”. The research project (S2021.A8.034.21S) is funded by the HKSAR Government’s Strategic Public Policy Research Funding Scheme.
1.7
Hong Kong Observatory, 2025. Monthly Weather Summary. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
2. Water demand management: Current situation
Water demand management
2.3
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Annual Quantity of Fresh Water Supply. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Chen, Y. D., 2001. Sustainable development and management of water resources for urban water supply in Hong Kong, Water International, 26(1), p.124. DOI: 10.1080/02508060108686891
2.4
Water Supplies Department, 2004-2025. Annual Report 2003/04-2023/24, Annual Quantity of Fresh Water Supply. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
2.5
US Environmental Protection Agency, 2016. Best Practices to Consider When Evaluating Water Conservation and Efficiency as an Alternative for Water Supply Expansion. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
Water conservation target
2.6
Office of the Chief Executive, HKSAR Government, 2017. The Chief Executive’s 2017 Policy Address, Policy Agenda, p.117. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
Water Supplies Department, 2018. Annual Report 2016/17, p.93. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
2.7
Office of the Chief Executive, HKSAR Government, 2017. The Chief Executive’s 2017 Policy Address, Policy Agenda, p.117. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
Water Supplies Department, 2018. Annual Report 2016/17, p.93. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
Water Supplies Department, 2022. Annual Report 2020/21, p.104. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.133. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Water loss control
2.11
Audit Commission, 2015. Report No. 64 of the Director of Audit, Chapter 4, para. 1.3. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
2.12
Water Supplies Department, 1998-2025. Annual Report 1997/98-2023/24, Waterworks – operating accounts, Review of the year. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Water Supplies Department, 1998-2025. Annual Report 1997/98-2023/24, Annual Quantity of Fresh Water Supply. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
2.13
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.124. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
3. Water demand management: An International perspective
Water consumption pattern
3.1
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Annual Quantity of Fresh Water Supply. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Chen, Y. D., 2001. Sustainable development and management of water resources for urban water supply in Hong Kong, Water International, 26(1), p.124. DOI: 10.1080/02508060108686891
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Annual Salt Water Consumption and Population Served with Salt Water. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Ho, P.Y., 2009. Water for a Barren Rock. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press (H.K) Ltd., p 141.
The seawater consumption data for 1961 to 1970 were conservative estimates made by the authors.
3.3
For Barcelona:
(Only available in Catalan) Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2024. Anuari Estadístic de la Ciutat de Barcelona 2023, p.288. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Barcelona City Council, 2025. Barcelona in Figures 2024, p.3. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For Beijing:
(Only available in Chinese) 北京市水務局（2024）。《北京市水務統計年鑒 2023》，1頁。取自: 連結 [查詢日期：2025年5月]
(Only available in Chinese) 北京市統計局國家統計局北京調查總隊（2024）。〈北京市2023年國民經濟和社會發展統計公報〉，表2 2023年末常住人口及構成。取自：連結 [查詢日期：2025年5月]
For Hong Kong:
Water Supplies Department, 2025. Annual Report 2023/24, p.133. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Census and Statistics Department, 2025. Table 110-01001 : Population by Sex and Age Group, Statistics. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For Macao:
Macao Water, 2025. Water Supply Statistics. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Statistics and Census Service, 2025. Demographic Statistics, 4th Quarter 2023. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For New York:
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), 2025. Water Consumption in the City of New York, Data. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), 2025. Water Consumption in the City of New York, Data. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For Singapore:
Department of Statistics Singapore, 2024. Water Sales. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Singapore Department of Statistics, 2025. Population. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For Sydney:
Sydney Water, 2024. Water Conservation Report 2023-2024, p.12. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2025. Regional population, Population change by capital city. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For Taipei:
Taipei Water Department, 2025. Taipei Water Department Statistical Yearbook 2023, p.108. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Dept. of Household Registration, Ministry of the Interior, n.d.. Statistics, End of Year, Table 1. Population by Sex and 5 Year Age Group for Counties and Cities. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
For Tokyo:
(Only available in Japanese) Bureau of Waterworks Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2025. 東京の水道の概要. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
(Only available in Japanese) Bureau of Waterworks Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2025. 東京の水道の概要. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
3.4
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2023. Annual Report 1998/99-2021/22, Annual Quantity of Fresh Water Supply. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
Chen, Y. D., 2001. Sustainable development and management of water resources for urban water supply in Hong Kong, Water International, 26(1), p.124. DOI: 10.1080/02508060108686891
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2023. Annual Report 1998/99-2021/22, Annual Salt Water Consumption and Population Served with Salt Water. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
3.5
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Per Capita Domestic Fresh Water Consumption. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
Water tariff
3.6
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Finance and Water Charges. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
3.7
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Finance and Water Charges. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
3.8
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Finance and Water Charges. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
3.9
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Finance and Water Charges. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]
3.10
International Water Association, 2022. Total Charges for Cities in 2021 For A Consumption Of 100 m³. Available at: link [Accessed Feb 2024]
3.11
Water Supplies Department, 1999-2025. Annual Report 1998/99-2023/24, Finance and Water Charges. Available at: link [Accessed May 2025]